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Rules for /r/, /ŋ/ sound, The 'S' ending, The 'ed' ending

Rules for /r/ sound:

There are three kinds of /r/ sound.
  1. Linking /r/
  2. Intrusive /r/
  3. Flapped /r/

Linking /r/

There are two kinds of linking /r/ sound.
  1. When we do not pronounce it. If there is /r/ before consonant , it is not pronounce. e.g. card /kɑːd/
  2. When we pronounce /r/ sound. If there is /r/ before vowel , it will pronounce. e.g. present /ˈpreznt/

Intrusive /r/

It is also called Insertion /r/. Insertion means "to add something".
When there is no /r/ in a sentence, but we pronounce it.
Law and order → Law[r]and order

Flapped /r/

When /r/ is pronounced with full force , it is called flapped /r/ ( mostly it comes at beginning of the word)
e.g. Rat /ræt/

Rules for /ŋ/:   

  1. We do not produce /n/ but /ŋ/ when it comes before /k/ .e.g. pink /piŋk/
  2. No English word begins with /ŋ/. We cannot use /ŋ/ at the beginning of the word.
  3. /g/ will not come at the end of a word, when there will /ŋ/ at the end. e.g. sing /siŋ/
  4. In a single morpheme word /g/ will be pronounced in middle position e.g. linger /ˈlɪŋɡə(r)/, Finger /ˈfɪŋɡə(r)/ 

The 's' Ending:

We sometimes add the 's' or 'es' to a word. for example we can do this to form the plural or the possessive of a noun. e.g.
Some chairs, the bushes, Ali's car etc
We can also add 's' or 'es' to a verb. e.g.
  1. It looks nice and sunny.
  2. Mian Yasir watches the football on Saturday.
The pronunciation of 's' or 'es' depends on the sound which comes before it. The ending is pronounced /s/ after a voiceless sound, /z/ after a voiced sound and /ɪz/ after a sibilant sound. 
The sibilant sounds are /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/

The 'ed' Ending:

We add 'ed' or 'd' to a regular verb to form the past tense or past participle.
  1. We all walked home.
  2. They have closed the gates.
The pronunciation of 'ed' depends on the sound comes before it. The ending is pronounced /t/ after voiceless sound, /d/ after a voiced sound and /ɪd/ after /t/ or /d/.

Voiceless + ed   =>    /t/               hoped /həʊpt/            worked /wɜːkt/           increased /ɪnˈkriːst/

Voiced + ed      =>    /d/               robbed /rɒbd/             begged /beɡd/            raised     /reɪzd/

/t/ + /d/    =>   /ɪd/                        wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/        landed /ˈlændɪd/        hunted  /ˈhʌntɪd/



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